Contemporary Technology

Contemporary Technology

Various emerging technologies, the recent developments and convergences in various fields of technology, hold possible future impacts. Emerging technologies cover various cutting-edge developments in the emergence and convergence of technology, including transportation, information technology, biotechnology, robotics and applied mechanics, and material science. Their status and possible effects involve controversy over the degree of social impact or the viability of the technologies. Though, these represent new and significant developments within a field; converging technologies represent previously distinct fields which are in some way moving towards stronger inter-connection and similar goals.

Some of the contemporary technology are listed below:

• E- Commerce
• E- Business
• E- Learning
• E- Government

E-Commerce 

E-commerce is a business through electronic media that means it is a method of buying and selling product and services  electronically.this process in e- commerce includes inability customer access product information selection of  items /product to purchase and purchase them securely.In other words  e- commerce is one of the most important aspect of the internet which allow people to exchange good and services immediately with out time our distance barrier .

There are three types of e- commerce and they are :

a) Business-to-business e-commerce (B2B):

Such types of e- commerce is refer to the commercial activities performed to business organization such as in between national diatribe and regional distributor,regional distributor and zonal distributor etc ,Here both seller and barrier and organization  .

b) Business-to-Customer (B2C ):

 In this types of commerce of business organization internet and pats information about there product and services through where a customer can order those products or services .In such category seller is a business organization and the bar is a customer .

C) Customer-to-Costumer (C2C):

In such customer a virtual marker place is established by a customer on the internet and others is those websites to purchase goods and services offers by the web page .such site is also known outstation site .some site e-bay .com ,bazee.com, olh.com

Adventures of e-commerce 

• Buying and selling process s 168 hours.

• The process of buying and selling is faster and easier .

• There is no theoretically geographical limitation for the customer to purchase .

• Low operational cost and better quality of services .

• Easier to start and manage of business because if does not require  physical set up for business .

• Customer can easily select product form different provides without moving physically .

Disadvantage of e- commerce 

• There is no generally of product quality .

• Mechanical failure can cause huge effect in total commercial process .

• Anyone either good or bad individual can easily setup business on the internet OS, the customer may not trust completely .

E- Business:

It is the process of using internet technology to provide superior customer services, business process, increase sales and reduces the cost , it is the conduct of business on the internet. It include buying & selling of product as well as servicing the customer and collaborating with business partner . According Aberdeen consulting group -"e-business is the automation of the entire spectrum of interaction between interpreter and there distributed employee,trading partners, suppliers & customers. According to Giza group:" e- businesses the application of electronic network technologies to transfer business processes."

 The major focuses areas of any organization in e- business are as follows:

• To reach in new markets easily .

• To create new protect or services .

• To build customer loyalty

• To enrich human capital .

• To make the best use of existing & new technologies.

• To archive market leadership & to gain competitive advantages.

E- learning

It is new educational concept of learning using internet technologies. It is essentially the computer and network enable transfer of skill & knowledge.E-Learning applications and process includes web based learning , virtual classroom. According to V-Waller and J. Wilson "e-learning is the effective learning process created by combining digitally deliver constant with  learning support services.

E-Learning can be defined as 'learning facilitated and supported through the use of information and communications technology'. It can cover a spectrum of activities from the use of technology to support learning as part of a ‘blended’ approach (a combination of traditional and e-learning approaches), to learning that is delivered entirely online. Whatever the technology, however, learning is the vital element.”

Advantage of e-learning

Learning can study whenever they have access to computer and internet.

Leaner may have the option to select learning material that meets there levels of knowledge and interest .

It reduces travel cost  and time to add from school.

Classroom be reduce around personal and profession works that means flexibility in learning.

 Disadvantage of e-learning

• Student may fell isolated or miss-social iteration .
• Instructor may not be always available on demand.
• Slow or unreliable internet connections may not be frustrating.
• Some courses such as traditional hands on courses can be different to simulate.

E- Government:

It can be define as the use of ICT by government to enhance the range and quality of information and services provided to the citizen, business, civil society, organization and other government agency in an effective manner. This process is done by the government for the more transparent and accountable and strength earning. According to world bank " e-government refer to the use by government agencies of information technologies that have ability to transfer relation with citizen, business and others arms of government."

 The services of e- government:

• Online voting & other public services 
• Online revenue collection ( income taxes )
• The automation of government services & online delivery of government services.
• Reduces cost and fright & increases efficiency of government bodies.
• Uses of It by government to provide services in various sector such as agriculture education , health care etc.
• Birth or death registration certificate , password  application, transport departure service, reservation etc.

Advantages of e-government

• Reduces the cost of communication & transaction .
• Reduces corruption.
• Efficiency of government increases greatly because of reduce paper work .
• It increases the active participation of citizen in governance.
• It decentralize the decision making process and empower the citizen.
• It also increase the transparency in the functioning of various department.

 Disadvantages of e-government:

The biggest challenges of implementing e-government is not technology but the changes in management.

• All the users must be educated in the field of IT.
• Lack of  ICT in remotes areas and villages.
• Electricity, computer & connectivity may not be available in remote location or villager.   

Types of e-governance:

It facilitate interaction between stake holders & the government body. These interaction are as follows:

a. Government-to-Government (G2G):

In this case, ICT Is used to restructure the government process involved in the functioning of government entities as well as increases the flow information and services with in between different entities. Such as between and national and local government agencies, different levels with in an origination . The primary objectives is to increases efficiency , preference and output.

b. Government-to-Citizen (G2C):

In this case an interaction is created in between government bodies and the citizen who enables the citizen to benefits from efficient delivery of large range of public services .It gives citizens of the choice of went to interact with the government and & how to interact with the government . The primary purpose is to make a friendly environment in between government and citizen.

c. Government-to-Business (G2B):

In this case , the interaction is done between a government body and a business organization. It help to provide goods and services to the business organization in an efficient way.The primary objectives is is to save time , reduce operational cost and to create a more transparent business environment while dealing with government.